Planning in Indian Economy

Outline the objective of planning in India.

 Ans.The basic objectives of planning in India are as follows: 

Economic Growth: Achievement of economic growth is the main motive of planning. Economic growth can be measured in terms of rate of growth of GDP or GNP. Higher rate of economic growth creates multiplier effect which will further improve the economic growth indicators. Each five year plan sets a target to achieve growth in terms of increase in GDP.

 Full Employment: Rampant unemployment is a serious issue 2 in India. Provision of full employment is a long-term objective of planning in fndia, For the first time Sixth five year plan accorded the priority status for employment.

 Equity and Social Justice: The fruits of economic growth .should benefit large sections of the society. Development of few sections of the society will lead to the inequality in society Indian planning should aim at reducing such inequalities, so that the benefits of economic development percolate down to the lower strata of the society.

 Eradication of Poverty: Eradication of poverty is one of the 4.long-term objectives of the planning in India. Fifth and Sixth five year plans primarily focussed on eradieation of the poverty problem in India.

 Modernisation: Modernisation means updation of technical 5 know-how and adoption of new technologies for betterment of the society. Productivity of the economy can be raised many-fold with the use of innovative and modern technology. Green Revolution and IT revolution are best examples of how technology can transform a country. Modernisation also includes issues like empowerment of women. Self-sufficiency: Self-sufficiency means dependence on domestically produced goods, particularly foodgrains. The basic idea was not to expose India'ss fragile economy to political diktats of rest of the world as it happened in 1965 when USA, threatened to stop exports of foodgrains to India unless the latter stopped the then war with Pakistan.

 Apart from these basic objectives each plan has its own specific objectives depending upon the respective needs, possibilities and constraints in the cconomy

. For example, the main objectives of the tenth Five Year Plan of India were: 

Attain 8 per cent GDP growth per year.

 Reduction of poverty rate by 5 percentage points by 2007. 

Providing gainful and high-quality employment at least to the addition to the labour force.

 Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by at least 50 per cent by 2007.

 भारत में नियोजन का उद्देश्य है। 

 भारत में नियोजन के मूल उद्देश्य इस प्रकार हैं:
 इकोनॉमी ग्रोथ: आर्थिक विकास की उपलब्धि योजना का मुख्य उद्देश्य है।  जीडीपी या जीएनपी की वृद्धि दर के संदर्भ में आर्थिक विकास को मापा जा सकता है।  आर्थिक विकास की उच्च दर गुणक प्रभाव पैदा करती है जो आर्थिक विकास संकेतकों को और बेहतर बनाएगी।  प्रत्येक पंचवर्षीय योजना जीडीपी में वृद्धि के संदर्भ में वृद्धि हासिल करने का लक्ष्य निर्धारित करती है।
 पूर्ण रोजगार: बड़े पैमाने पर बेरोजगारी भारत में एक गंभीर मुद्दा 2 है।  पूर्ण नियोजन का प्रावधान  भारत में नियोजन का एक दीर्घकालिक उद्देश्य है, पहली बार छठी पंचवर्षीय योजना ने रोज़गार और सामाजिक न्याय के लिए प्राथमिकता का दर्जा दिया: आर्थिक विकास का फल। समाज के बड़े हिस्से को लाभ।  समाज के कुछ वर्गों के विकास से समाज में असमानता को बढ़ावा मिलेगा। भारतीय नियोजन का उद्देश्य ऐसी असमानताओं को कम करना होगा, ताकि आर्थिक विकास का लाभ समाज के निचले तबके को मिल सके।
 गरीबी उन्मूलन: गरीबी उन्मूलन  भारत में नियोजन के दीर्घकालिक उद्देश्य।  पाँचवीं और छठी पंचवर्षीय योजनाएँ मुख्य रूप से भारत में गरीबी समस्या के उन्मूलन पर केंद्रित हैं।
  आधुनिकीकरण: आधुनिकीकरण का अर्थ है समाज की बेहतरी के लिए तकनीकी 5 ज्ञान और नई तकनीकों को अपनाना।  अर्थव्यवस्था की उत्पादकता कई बढ़ सकती है-नवीन और आधुनिक प्रौद्योगिकी के उपयोग के साथ गुना।  हरित क्रांति और आईटी क्रांति इस बात का सबसे अच्छा उदाहरण है कि कैसे प्रौद्योगिकी किसी देश को बदल सकती है।  आधुनिकीकरण में महिलाओं के सशक्तीकरण जैसे मुद्दे भी शामिल हैं।
आत्मनिर्भरता: आत्मनिर्भरता का अर्थ है घरेलू स्तर पर उत्पादित वस्तुओं, विशेषकर खाद्यान्नों पर निर्भरता।  मूल विचार भारत की नाजुक अर्थव्यवस्था को दुनिया के बाकी हिस्सों के राजनीतिक diktats के रूप में उजागर नहीं करना था जैसा कि 1965 में हुआ था, जब संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका ने भारत को खाद्यान्न के निर्यात को रोकने की धमकी दी थी, जब तक कि पाकिस्तान के साथ तत्कालीन युद्ध बंद नहीं हुआ।  इन बुनियादी उद्देश्यों के अलावा, प्रत्येक योजना के अपने विशिष्ट उद्देश्य हैं, जो कि संबंधित आवश्यकताओं, संभावनाओं और अर्थशास्त्र में बाधाओं के आधार पर हैं।  उदाहरण के लिए, भारत की दसवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना के मुख्य उद्देश्य थे:
 प्रति वर्ष सकल घरेलू उत्पाद की वृद्धि का 8 प्रतिशत प्राप्त करना। 
 2007 तक गरीबी की दर में 5 प्रतिशत की कमी। 
श्रम के लिए कम से कम अतिरिक्त और उच्च गुणवत्ता वाला रोजगार उपलब्ध कराना।  
2007 तक साक्षरता और मजदूरी दरों में लिंग अंतर में कम से कम 50 प्रतिशत की कमी।

What do you understand by the term 'Demographic transition'?

What do you understand by the term 'Demographic transition'? Discuss demographic transition in India. Or Explain the demographic transition in India. Or Discuss the stages of demographic transition. Or What do you understand by the term 'demographic transition'? Ans.Demographic transition (DT) refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialised economic system. The theory was proposed in 1929 the American demographer Warren Thompson, who observed changes, or transitions, in birth and death rates in industrialised societies over the previous 200 years. Most developed countries have completed the demographic transition and have low birth rates; most developing countries are in the process of this transition.

India, with i1,220,200,000 (1.22 billion) people is the second most populous country in the world, while China is on the top with over 1,350,044,605 (1.35 billion) people. The figures show that India represents almost 17.31 per cent of the world's population, which means one out of six people on this planet live in India. Although, the crown of the world's most populous eountry is on China's head for decades, India is all set to take the numero uno position by 2030. With the population growth rate at 1.58 per cent, India is predicted to have more than 1.53 billion people by the end of 2030. A point that is striking is that while India accounts for a meagre 2.4 per cent of the world surface area of 135.79 million square kms, it supports and sustains a whopping 17.5 per cent of the world population. In contrast, the USA accounts for 7.2 per cent of the surface area with only 4.5 per ceit cf the world population. As such, among the ten most populous count.ies of the world, only Bangladesh has a higher population density compared to India.
In an economy, there is a pattern in which demographic transition takes place. Such transition can be divided into three stages. It has been observed that when the level of development is low in an economy both birth and death rate are high. As a result population growth rate is not that high. This is the first stage of demographic transition. When economic development takes place the economy moves on to the second stage- death rate declines due to availability of health facilities and medicines but birth rate continues to remain high. This is the stage when there is a wide gap between birth rate and death rate, and population increases sharply. With further economic development, the economy moves on to the third stage - both birth rate and death rate are low. Consequently population growth rate is again low in the third stage. All the developed economies are in the third stage of demographic transition.During the pre-independence period in India, both birth rate and death rate were quite high. As a result, population grew at a lower rate.
Population growth rate during 1950-51 was only 1.25 per cent per annum. Population growth rate accelerated afterward and reached a peak during 1980-81. In 2010o-11 the annual population growth rate came down below at 1.3 per cent. Some of the states such as Kerala. Tamilnadu and Punjab have reached a reasonably lower birth rate. In some of the major states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh population growth rate is very high. Life expectancy indicates the number of years a newborn child is expected to survive. It has increased from about 32 years in 1950-51 to more than 65 years at present. As a result, the percentage of the aged people in India has increased.

Q4।  'जनसांख्यिकी संक्रमण ’शब्द से आप क्या समझते हैं?  भारत में जनसांख्यिकीय संक्रमण पर चर्चा करें।  या भारत में जनसांख्यिकीय संक्रमण की व्याख्या करें।  या जनसांख्यिकीय संक्रमण के चरणों पर चर्चा करें।  या 'जनसांख्यिकीय संक्रमण' शब्द से आप क्या समझते हैं?  AnesDemographic संक्रमण (DT) उच्च जन्म और मृत्यु दर से निम्न जन्म और मृत्यु दर के संक्रमण को संदर्भित करता है क्योंकि देश एक पूर्व-औद्योगिक से एक औद्योगिक आर्थिक प्रणाली तक विकसित होता है।  सिद्धांत को 1929 में प्रस्तावित किया गया था, अमेरिकी जनसांख्यिकी वॉरेन थॉम्पसन, जिन्होंने पिछले 200 वर्षों में औद्योगिक समाजों में जन्म और मृत्यु दर में परिवर्तन, या बदलाव देखे।  अधिकांश विकसित देशों ने जनसांख्यिकीय संक्रमण पूरा कर लिया है और जन्म दर कम है;  अधिकांश विकासशील देश इस परिवर्तन की प्रक्रिया में हैं।  एक अर्थव्यवस्था में, एक पैटर्न होता है जिसमें जनसांख्यिकीय संक्रमण होता है।  इस तरह के संक्रमण को तीन चरणों में विभाजित किया जा सकता है।  यह देखा गया है कि जब किसी अर्थव्यवस्था में विकास का स्तर कम होता है तो जन्म और मृत्यु दर दोनों अधिक होती है।  परिणामस्वरूप जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर इतनी अधिक नहीं है।  यह जनसांख्यिकीय संक्रमण का पहला चरण है।  जब आर्थिक विकास होता है तो अर्थव्यवस्था दूसरे चरण में आ जाती है- स्वास्थ्य सुविधाओं और दवाओं की उपलब्धता के कारण मृत्यु दर में गिरावट आती है, लेकिन जन्म दर लगातार उच्च बनी रहती है।  यह वह अवस्था है जब जन्म दर और मृत्यु दर के बीच व्यापक अंतर होता है, और जनसंख्या तेजी से बढ़ती है।  आगे के आर्थिक विकास के साथ, अर्थव्यवस्था तीसरे चरण में आगे बढ़ती है - जन्म दर और मृत्यु दर दोनों कम हैं।  नतीजतन तीसरी चरण में जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर फिर से कम है।  सभी विकसित अर्थव्यवस्थाएं जनसांख्यिकीय संक्रमण के तीसरे चरण में हैं।
भारत में स्वतंत्रता-पूर्व अवधि के दौरान, जन्म दर और मृत्यु दर दोनों काफी अधिक थे।  परिणामस्वरूप, जनसंख्या कम दर से बढ़ी।

1950-51 के दौरान जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर केवल 1.25 प्रतिशत प्रति वर्ष थी।  जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर बाद में तेज हुई और 1980-81 के दौरान चरम पर पहुंच गई।  2010o-11 में वार्षिक जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर 1.3 प्रतिशत से नीचे आ गई।  कुछ राज्य जैसे केरल।  तमिलनाडु और पंजाब में जन्म दर काफी कम हो गई है।  कुछ प्रमुख राज्यों जैसे उत्तर प्रदेश, बिहार, राजस्थान और मध्य प्रदेश में जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर बहुत अधिक है।  जीवन प्रत्याशा इंगित करता है कि एक नवजात बच्चे के जीवित रहने की उम्मीद है।  यह 1950-51 में लगभग 32 वर्षों से बढ़कर वर्तमान में 65 वर्ष से अधिक हो गया है।  परिणामस्वरूप, भारत में वृद्ध लोगों का प्रतिशत बढ़ा है।

Discuss the Indian Economy as mixed economy.

Discuss the Indian Economy as mixed economy. 
Or
What are reasons for the government to enter into production activities? 
Or 
Critically analyse the concept of mixed economy.

 
Ans. In a mixed economy, private and public sectors go side by side.

 The government directs economic activity in some socially important areas of the economy, the rest being left to the price mechanism to operate.

 The Indian economy is a mixed economy where private sector and public sector coexist. 

Private sector functions in accordance with the priorities determined by the plans. It also follows the directions issued by the government.

 However, the government enters directly into production of goods and services which the private sector can also produce. The extent to which the government should involve itself in the production activities is a controversial issue.

 During the decades of 1960s and 1970s the Indian government produced whatever it could and intervened in the production decisions (what to produce, where to produce, what technology to use) of the private sector through a rigourous licensing policy

There are various reasons for undertaking production activities by the government.

 A produce in the private sector (usually motivated by higher profits) takes the risk of setting up an industry, purchases inputs, produces output and sells the output in the market for a price.

 Imagine a situation where a producer produces a commodity or service but cannot sell it for a price because consumers cannot be excluded from its consumption.

In certain cases, the derived benefit is in no way going to obstruct others from deriving its benefit.

 An example of the above could be the provision of streetlight by the local government. Thus, if our neighbour puts a light in front of his house, we enjoy the benefit that the front of our house also gets lighted; and we do not have to pay for it. In this case, there is a market failure in the sense that our neighbour cannot change us for the benefit we derive. Thus, he does not have any incentive to put a bulb in front of his house.

On similar logic, we also do not put a bulb in front of our house, which requires street lighting by the government.

Secondly, infrastructures such as road, ports, dams, etc. require huge investment but the rate of return is very low in the short-run.

Thus, no private entrepreneur would be interested in providing roads which prompts the government to come forward.

 Thirdly, there are natural monopolies such as electricity generation, railways, etc. where a single producer can serve the entire market,

 Fourthly, there are certain production activities which have so much social benefits that the government should produce these goods and services (e.g. schools and colleges, hospitals, banks, etc.)

Fifthly, the government may enter into production activities to fulfill some other social objectives instead of profit motive. These objectives could be employment generation, regional balance and social uplift of the downtrodden.

मिश्रित अर्थव्यवस्था के रूप में भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था पर चर्चा करें।  या सरकार के उत्पादन गतिविधियों में प्रवेश करने के क्या कारण हैं?  या गंभीर रूप से मिश्रित अर्थव्यवस्था की अवधारणा का विश्लेषण करें। 
मिश्रित अर्थव्यवस्था में, निजी और सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र एक साथ चलते हैं।  सरकार अर्थव्यवस्था के कुछ सामाजिक रूप से महत्वपूर्ण क्षेत्रों में आर्थिक गतिविधि को निर्देशित करती है, बाकी को संचालित करने के लिए मूल्य तंत्र से left है।  भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था एक मिश्रित अर्थव्यवस्था है जहाँ निजी क्षेत्र और सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के सह-अस्तित्ववादी हैं।  निजी क्षेत्र योजनाओं के अनुसार निर्धारित प्राथमिकताओं के अनुसार कार्य करता है।  यह सरकार द्वारा जारी निर्देशों का भी पालन करता है।  हालांकि, सरकार सीधे वस्तुओं और सेवाओं के उत्पादन में प्रवेश करती है जो कि निजी क्षेत्र भी उत्पादन कर सकता है।  उत्पादन गतिविधियों में सरकार को खुद को किस हद तक शामिल करना चाहिए यह एक विवादास्पद मुद्दा है।  1960 के दशक और 1970 के दशक के दौरान भारत सरकार ने एक कठोर लाइसेंस नीति के माध्यम से निजी क्षेत्र के उत्पादन निर्णयों (उत्पादन करने के लिए क्या, कहाँ उत्पादन करना है, किस तकनीक का उपयोग करना है) में हस्तक्षेप किया।

सरकार द्वारा उत्पादन गतिविधियों को शुरू करने के विभिन्न कारण हैं।  निजी क्षेत्र में एक उपज (आमतौर पर उच्च लाभ से प्रेरित) एक उद्योग स्थापित करने का जोखिम लेता है, इनपुट खरीदता है, उत्पादन करता है और एक कीमत के लिए बाजार में उत्पादन बेचता है।  ऐसी स्थिति की कल्पना करें जहां एक निर्माता एक वस्तु या सेवा का उत्पादन करता है, लेकिन इसे एक कीमत के लिए नहीं बेच सकता क्योंकि उपभोक्ताओं को इसके उपभोग से बाहर नहीं किया जा सकता है।  कुछ मामलों में, व्युत्पन्न लाभ किसी भी तरह से अपने लाभ को प्राप्त करने से दूसरों को बाधित करने के लिए नहीं है।  उपरोक्त का एक उदाहरण स्थानीय सरकार द्वारा स्ट्रीटलाइट का प्रावधान हो सकता है।  इस प्रकार, यदि हमारा पड़ोसी अपने घर के सामने एक प्रकाश डालता है, तो हम इस लाभ का आनंद लेते हैं कि हमारे घर के सामने का हिस्सा भी हल्का हो जाता है;  और हमें इसके लिए भुगतान करने की आवश्यकता नहीं है।  इस मामले में, इस अर्थ में एक बाजार की विफलता है कि हमारे पड़ोसी कैननो * हमें उस लाभ के लिए बदलते हैं जो हम प्राप्त करते हैं।  इस प्रकार, वह अपने घर के सामने एक बल्ब लगाने के लिए कोई भी असंगत नहीं है।  इसी तरह के तर्क पर, हम अपने घर के सामने एक बल्ब भी नहीं लगाते हैं, जिसके लिए सरकार द्वारा स्ट्रीट लाइटिंग की आवश्यकता होती है।

दूसरे, इंफ्रास्ट्रक्चर जैसे सड़क, बंदरगाह, बांध, आदि को भारी निवेश की आवश्यकता होती है, लेकिन अल्पावधि में वापसी की दर बहुत कम होती है।  इस प्रकार, कोई भी निजी उद्यमी सड़कों को उपलब्ध कराने में दिलचस्पी नहीं दिखाएगा जो सरकार को आगे आने के लिए प्रेरित करता है।  तीसरा, बिजली उत्पादन, रेलवे आदि जैसे प्राकृतिक एकाधिकार हैं, जहां एक एकल निर्माता पूरे बाजार की सेवा कर सकता है, चौथा, कुछ निश्चित उत्पादन गतिविधियां हैं जिनके सामाजिक लाभ इतने हैं कि सरकार को इन वस्तुओं और सेवाओं का उत्पादन करना चाहिए (जैसे स्कूल  और कॉलेजों, अस्पतालों, बैंकों, आदि) पांचवीं, सरकार लाभ के उद्देश्य के बजाय कुछ अन्य सामाजिक उद्देश्यों को पूरा करने के लिए उत्पादन गतिविधियों में प्रवेश कर सकती है।  ये उद्देश्य रोजगार सृजन, क्षेत्रीय संतुलन और दलितों के सामाजिक उत्थान हो सकते हैं।

Remote Sensing

 Explain the principle of remote sensing method for exploring the natural resources.
 What is Remote Sensing? Write its objectives. 

•  It is the techhique of collecting information about any object without making a physical contact with it.
•  

• Objectives of remote sensing are: 

• application of space technology 
• Groundwater surveys 
• Forest surveys
•  Preparing wasteland maps 
• Mines and mineral resources surveys
•  Estimation of crop yields
•  Detection of crop diseases 
• Assessment of drought
•  Spying for military purposes
•  Detection of potential fishing zones, etc.

1.  Remote sensing is a method of collecting information about ground objects like soil, water, vegetation and minerals from a remote place such as an aircraft or a satellite.
2.  This technique not only enables us to locate various resources but also helps us to know about their quantity and quality. 
3. This method is used to collect information about an object, without physical contact with that 
4. object. 
5. The simplest device could be a camera carried by an aeroplane to photograph large areas of land systematically.
6.  Television cameras could be mounted on satellites and they could take pictures showing details of clouds, water, forests or buildings methods of remote sensing because visible light is used by the cameras 
7. But one could send out radio waves from the satellites and observe how they are reflected of absorbed on the surface of the earth.
8.  Usually radio waves of wavelengths as small as a few centimeters called 'microwaves, are used for such studies, because these waves penetrate through clouds and their reflections also go through the clouds to reach the satellite. 
9. Similarly, infra-red signals can be sent from the satellite and reflections studied to reveal the nature of the reflecting surface. 
10. The orbit of a sun-synchronous satellite is such that it always poses over a particular place on the earth at almost the same local time.
11.  It means whenever the satellite passes over a certain place on the earth, the position on the earth. "
12. of the sun relative to that place is always the same.
13.  Thus, the cameras of that satellite are enable to get photographs of that place always with nearly the same illumination every time it passes over that place.

Taking a pond as an ecosystem, choose five of its biotic component and classify them as producers, consumers and decomposes.

 Taking a pond as an ecosystem, choose five of its biotic component and classify them as producers, consumers and decomposers. 

  Or 

 Describe the pond ecosystem with the help of a labeled diagram. 

• An ecosystem is often defined as "a community of organisms living in a particular environment and the physical elements in that environment with which they interact." 
• The elements of an ecosystem interact with each other in some way, and so depend on each other either directly  or indirectly.
•  The living or biotic components of a pond ecosystem are different types of birds, frogs, insects, turtles, fungi, algae etc.. are considered as consumers. 
• The plants clean the water, known as producers prohibit algae growth and help protect fish  , biofalls naturally oxygenate water, skimmer filter removes leaves and other debris, plant pockets remove the need for bulky plant container, rocks provide a natural biomas and add flair to the pond and aquatic bacteria break down waste and keep water clean whereas different organisms such as  fish, frogs, turtles, birds etc. are considered as consumers because they depend on other organisms.

Explain the terms producers, consumers and decompu PICS. Also discuss their relationships

D.  Explain the terms producers, consumers and decompu PICS.  Also discuss their relationships.  [Dec - 2012, q.  NO.  - 5] |  Ans.  Producers: Those organisms which produce their nose organisms which produce their own food are called producers.  For e.  g.  Green plants.  Consumers: Those organisms which are unabit inose organisms which are unable to produce their food themselves and consume the food prepared by producers of organisms as food are termed as consumers.  For e.  g.  Lion, deer, cow, etc.  Decomposers: The special type of micro - organisms like bacteria, fungi, which break down the complex organic compounds present in dead, organisms (plants and animals) and the wastes of the animals into similar substances are known as decomposers.  All consumers depend on producers for their nutrition and decomposers decomposed and breaking them into simpler substances,

Explain why most food chains are restricted to four or five steps.

B2. Explain why most food chains are restricted to four or five steps. Or In a food chain explain why the number of trophic levels are seldom more than four and five. Ans. During the transfer of energy through successive trophic levels, only 10 per cent of energy is available for the transfer to the next trophic level. If the food-chain consists of more than 5 trophic levels, then a negligible [Dec-2011, Q.No.-1(c)(i)1

amount of energy is insufficient for its survival . Hence , most food chainst are restricted to four or five steps , e . g . Grass Grasshopper Insects Frogs Snakes Hawks - 1000J 100J10J 1 0 . 1J 0 . 01J

What is the use of radiocarbon dating?

What is the use of radiocarbon dating? Or How is the age of a fossil determined? Or What is Carbon dating? How is it used to determine the age of fossils June-2010, QNo-91 Radiocarbon dating is a technique which determines the age of ancient bts of fassal by means of measuring the amount of carbon-14 left in an bet This is nowe the most widely used method of age estimation in the of archeology To detgminethe radiocarbon age of an organic material like fossil it snossan measuze the prootion of radiocarbon (140 in the carbon eat t cotins Thereare curmentiy two methods in use for doing this, ie nimrccounting and accelerator mass spectrometry Radiometric counting in whic rate of radioactive decay of the 14Cin the material s measred Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, in which a particle accelerator is sed to directly count the relative mbers of the atoms of the different ben isctopes present Once the 14C content-is known it is compared to that of a standard material. The difference betwween the sample material and the standard is mihuted to the time that has elapsed since the sample was alive". For exanple, the radiocarbon age of a piece of wood gives the time since the aood was growing the material

What features in Indian society led to the decline of science in the post-Gupta period?

What features in Indian society led to the decline of science in the post-Gupta period? IDec-2011, Q.No-4(a)l Or Write any two factors which were responsible for the decline of science in post-Gupta period. Ans. The post-Gupta period was a period of stagnation and decline. The f collapse of the Roman and Sassanian empires, with which Indian had a flourishing and profitable trade, led to a serious setback to trade and commerce. This was accompanied by the rise of small fiefdoms within the empire who were constantly on the look out for asserting their independence. The small fiefdoms encouraged an economy in which villages or groups of villages tended to become largely self-sufficient, thus discouraging trade The caste system again became more firmly entrenched, exalting the u privileges of the Brahmins and emphasising the social and religious disabilities of the Sudras. A large number of castes, such as potters, weavers, goldsmiths, musicians, barbers, road-makers and others practising similar crafts were regarded as low. The intellectual effort was directed towards justifying and maintaining the rigid caste system. The general decay in society is also reflected in the were considered mentally iaferior and denied the right to study Vedas. The marriageable age of girls was lowered from sixteen or seventeen years in the Vedic period to six or eight years, thus, destroying the opportunity ( for their personal development. With this, the story of remarkable phase in the development of science in ancient India was terminated [Dec-2010, Section-A, Q.No.-3(i)1 tion of women during that period. They

State five benefits of nuclear energy. Or List any five advantages of using nuclear energy to fulfil our energy needs.

State five benefits of nuclear energy.
Or
List any five advantages of using nuclear energy to fulfil our energy needs.

Benefits of nuclear energy
Energy produced during nuclear reactions is used to produce electricity. Manufacture of atomic bomb for warfare. It is less expensive then thermal power. It has the power and ability present days In this process large quantity of energy is released which helps in fulfilling the current demands. to fulfil the energy demand of population

Adolescence

Adolescence
Ans. Around the age of 12, starts a period when special hormones are secreted in the body and transition from childhood to adulthood takes place. This is known as adolescence, a period of very rapid physical growth, accompanied by a gradual development of reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics such as beard for men and breasts for women. The age limits of adolescence roughly extend from around 12 to about 18 years when physical growth in nearly complete. During adolescence, not only is physical growth rapid, but its sex- related character changes the social position of the individual. Cognitive development and knowledge base also reaches a point when a person is able to formulate his or her ideas, fairly clearly, about various questions in life. People are able to develop a world outlook or an ideology of their own, and hence personality. At the end, they are no more boys or girls, but they are men and women, generally able to stand on their own. The five or six years of adolescence stage are very crucial for everyone, and since they generally correspond to classes 7th or 8th to 12th or first year of college, they are important for teachers to keep in mind while dealing with their students. The transition can be clumsy and confusing, too aggressive or too timid for the young person, but it is also a wonderful experience to grow out of childhood and face the world as a confident member ready to change it.

Agroforestry definition

Ans. As a result of clearing forests so as to put the land to other uses, or of cutting trees to sell wood for construction or other purposes like making packing cases, our forest cover has diminished at an alarming rate. Presently, forests occupy a precarious 22 % of our geographical areas against the recommended minimum of 33 %. Shrub jungles and fuelwood trees are vanishing so rapidly that one wonders whether a day would cóme soon when common people may have enough food but not enough fuel. Between 1960 and 1984, the prices of fuelwood shot up by 65%! This concern has prompted planners to think of large scale planting of fast growing trees with some suitable crops in between. But, not all trees and crops are compatible with each other, and even the best of the combinations have an adverse effect on each other's maximum potential. However, a certain sacrifice in productivity is considered inevitable to partly meet the shortage of tree cover. In the Gangetic plains, wheat or rapeseed in rabi and sesamum or pearlmillet in kharif can be grown in the interspaces of subabul (Leucaena latisiliqua) trees. In the tropical region, Casuarina is compatible with food
crops in the first two years, after which the shallow-rooted fodder sorghum and cowpea fare better. In the humid and sub-humid regions, maize is suitable for intercropping with Acacia and Stylosanthes (stylos) for fodder for growing with Eucalyptus.

What is a semi-conductor? With the help of simple line-drawings, describe semi-conductor devices and their uses

What is a semi-conductor? With the help of simple line-drawings, describe semi-conductor devices and their uses.
Ans.
Semiconductors are the materials possessing very low electrical conductivity. These are neither conductor, nor insulator. Conductivity of a semiconductor increases considerably when a certain amount of impurities are added to them. For e.g. silicon and germanium. These are used to fabricate solar cells. Some applications of semiconductors are as follows:
Computer chips,
both for CPU and memory
Communication devices
Electrical and electronic gadgets
Converting electric supply from A.C. to D.C. Amplify signals Audio and video systems, etc. are composed of semiconductor materials Transistors Integrated circuit chips P-n junction diode/triode There are various metals like copper, iron or aluminium. They are all good conductors of electric current. You also know that many materials like wood, plastic or quartz do not conduct current. Such materials are called insulators. A semiconductor, ability to conduct electric current is greater than that of an insulator but less than that of metals. Silicon and germanium are the most commonly used semiconductors. Some other compounds like gallium arsenide, indium antimonide are also used. as the name indicates, is a material whose The ability of semiconductors to conduct electricity depends critically upon their purity, or rather their impurity. A pure crystal of silicon or germanium acts more or less as an insulator. However if an added to the crystal it becomes more conductive. By the way, "impurity" does not mean a 50-50 mixture or even one part of impurity in ten parts of silicon. In useful semiconductors, a ton of silicon may have 1 mg of the element arsenic. Even the tiny bit of arsenic contributes surplus electrons to silicon, which then becomes a better conductor. Such a piece of silicon would be called an n-type semiconductor. On the other hand, a like amount of boron would cause a different kind of conduction to take place and the piece of silicon so treated would be called p-type semiconductor. The word 'doping' is used by scientists to describe introduction of such small impurities. impurity is

Briefly discuss the role or impulse. discuss the role of neurons in the transmission of a nerve impulse along a neuron from one end to - the other

Briefly discuss the role or impulse.  discuss the role of neurons in the transmission of a nerve impulse along a neuron from one end to - the other occurs as a result of electrical changes across in Menu euron.  The membrane of an unstimulated neuron is polarized - that |  1s, there is a difference in electrical charge between the outside and inside or the membrane.  The inside is negative with respect to the outside.  rolarization is established by carrying an excess of sodium ions (Na ') on the outside and an excess of potassium ions (K') on the inside.  A certain amount of Na 'and Kis always leaking across the membrane through leakage channels, but Na / K' pumps in the membrane actively restore the ions to the appropriate side.  The main contribution to the resting membrane potential (apolarized | nerve) is the difference in permeability of the resting membrane to potassium ions versus sodium ions. The resting membrane is muchimore permeable to potassium ions than to sodium ions resulting in slightly more net potassium ion diffusion (from the inside of the neuron to the outside) than sodium ion diffusion (from the outside of the neuron to the inside) causing the slight difference in polarity right along the membrane of the axon. Other ions, such as large, negatively charged proteins and nucleic acids, reside within the cell. It is these large, negatively charged ions that contribute to the overall negative charge on the inside of the cell membrane as compared to the outside. In addition to crossing the membrane through leakage channels, ions may cross through gated channels. Gated channels open in response to neurotransmitters, changes in membrane potential, or other stimuli.

Write down the theme of the essay "On seeing England for the First Time" by Jamaica Kincaid.

Write down the theme of the essay "On seeing England for the First Time" by Jamaica Kincaid.
Ans.
A good essay is a cohesive unit and there has to be a continuous flow in which reader discern the running theme or the subject of the author's thoughts. The first paragraph of the essay describes Kincaid's impressions of England as seen from a map in school. She fournd the shape of England resembling a leg of mutton, but quickly erased the comparison because she had been conditioned to think of England as a great land, which could not be compared with familiar objects like a leg of mutton. She thought of England as a precious jewel that only the English had the right to wear. For the Antiguans, England was a distant land, a holy land, like Jerusalem. In short, under their colonial masters, Antiguans had no existence of their own except what the English imposed on them.
In the second paragraph, the author tells us that the Antiguans have nothing they could call their own. As a child, Kincaid had realised that everything from breakfast cereal to school uniforms, from shoes to hats and cars playing on the streets of Antigua, were made in England. Thus, the second paragraph takes off from the first and reiterates that Antigua was nothing except what England gave it to exist as a British colony Kincaid's statement: "I had long ago been conquered is full of anguish." She feels that she had no identity of her own and that she had been erased completely. The only thing that mattered was the compulsion to know about England and feel a sense of awe at its might and a sense of smallness because she was not English by birth, although her upbringing was English. She was pained at the thought that, like her, all other Antiguans were 'nobodies'; they could never be 'something' they were just nothing.

English colonisers imposed their own culture on the natives in a number of ways. The children were taught only British history in the schools. The views children heard about the weather or the natural scenery were views about the English weather and the English natural scenery The exotic and picturesque beauty of England was totally alien to the children's imagination because the reality in Antigua was quite the opposite. There was also the compulsory singing of English hymns and paying obeisance to the English flag, with duty to the British Queen and the British people whom the children had never seen. This reveals how far the colonised Antiguans were forced to live an English life alien to their native culture. The literature they read did not relate to Caribbean islands. Kincaid forms a very poor opinion of England when she first visits it. There is nothing in it that appeals to her. She dislikes England, its food, its weather and its people. Even the white cliffs of Dover that she had read about at school were a disappointment when she saw them. Kincaid knows that all her views about England, starting with the map and ending with her trip, will remain within her because colonised people were powerless to exert or express any opinion on the mighty English. She is sure that her opinions, if expressed, will be contemptuously dismissed as irrational prejudices by the English.

Write down the theme of the essay "On seeing England for the First Time" by Jamaica Kincaid.
Ans.
A good essay is a cohesive unit and there has to be a continuous flow in which reader discern the running theme or the subject of the author's thoughts. The first paragraph of the essay describes Kincaid's impressions of England as seen from a map in school. She fournd the shape of England resembling a leg of mutton, but quickly erased the comparison because she had been conditioned to think of England as a great land, which could not be compared with familiar objects like a leg of mutton. She thought of England as a precious jewel that only the English had the right to wear. For the Antiguans, England was a distant land, a holy land, like Jerusalem. In short, under their colonial masters, Antiguans had no existence of their own except what the English imposed on them.
In the second paragraph, the author tells us that the Antiguans have nothing they could call their own. As a child, Kincaid had realised that everything from breakfast cereal to school uniforms, from shoes to hats and cars playing on the streets of Antigua, were made in England. Thus, the second paragraph takes off from the first and reiterates that Antigua was nothing except what England gave it to exist as a British colony Kincaid's statement: "I had long ago been conquered is full of anguish." She feels that she had no identity of her own and that she had been erased completely. The only thing that mattered was the compulsion to know about England and feel a sense of awe at its might and a sense of smallness because she was not English by birth, although her upbringing was English. She was pained at the thought that, like her, all other Antiguans were 'nobodies'; they could never be 'something' they were just nothing.

English colonisers imposed their own culture on the natives in a number of ways. The children were taught only British history in the schools. The views children heard about the weather or the natural scenery were views about the English weather and the English natural scenery The exotic and picturesque beauty of England was totally alien to the children's imagination because the reality in Antigua was quite the opposite. There was also the compulsory singing of English hymns and paying obeisance to the English flag, with duty to the British Queen and the British people whom the children had never seen. This reveals how far the colonised Antiguans were forced to live an English life alien to their native culture. The literature they read did not relate to Caribbean islands. Kincaid forms a very poor opinion of England when she first visits it. There is nothing in it that appeals to her. She dislikes England, its food, its weather and its people. Even the white cliffs of Dover that she had read about at school were a disappointment when she saw them. Kincaid knows that all her views about England, starting with the map and ending with her trip, will remain within her because colonised people were powerless to exert or express any opinion on the mighty English. She is sure that her opinions, if expressed, will be contemptuously dismissed as irrational prejudices by the English.

Introduction to The Binding Vine

Introduction to The  Binding Vine
In English literature, novels play a major role. Novels are nothing but the Fictitious prose narrative of book length, typically representing various characters and actions with some degree of realism. We find various types of novels, i.e. romantic, fictitious, non- fictitious, etc., which introduce us about various stories written by the authors. In this chapter, we will study about the genre and aspects of the novel The Binding Vine". It is the second novel of Shashi Deshpande, the writer. The writer depicts mainly the female world through this novel but it doesn't mean that the male characters are absent in her novels rather it is the world n which women suffer from numerous kinds of losses and have to learn to cope with these losses. In this chapter, we will study "The Binding Vine' thoroughly, its themes like, feminism, love and marriage and human relationships and her art of characterisation. Lastly, we will also study about the. technique and structure used by Deshpande.

The plot of The Binding Vine is intricate. It has three strands running parallel. These are the stories of three women, different in age and time. Kalpana who is unconscious, Mira who is dead and Urmi who discovers life's meaning through the stories of Kalpana and Mira.

BEGE-107: Understanding Drama Assignment 2018-2019

BEGE-107: Understanding Drama Assignment 2018-2019 (Based on Blocks 1-8) Course Code: BEGE-107/2018-19 Max.Marks: 100 Affenipt all questions. Answer all questions in approximately 450 words. 20 Compare and Contrast Greek Theatre with Sanskrit Drama 20 2 Comment on the clash of different perspectives in Halfway House? Discuss the art of characterization in The Trial of Dedan Kimathi 20 3. Discuss the use of folk forms in Ghashiram Konval 4 20 Cribcally analyze the role of Brutus in Julius Caesar 20